Reticulin stain
Stain of reticulin is a staining that stains the reticulinic fibers of the stroma and makes it possible to specify the architecture of the tumors (as for example the follicular architecture).
It is very useful in cases where the tumor is necrotic. It is a key staining in the study of lesions affecting the organs whose frame is rich in reticulin such as the liver (fibrosis, in which this color shows the youngest collagen), the spleen and lympathic ganglia (reticulin weft constituting the skeleton), bone marrow (myelofibrosis).
Reticulin stain is based on the silver impregnation of reticulin fibers that can not be detected with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Indeed, this coloration uses the argyrophilic properties of the reticulin fibers. With this staining, the reticulin fibers are stained black.
The stages of reticulin stain:
- The fibers are first oxidized, most often by potassium permanganate, followed by bleaching with oxalic acid, potassium metabisulphite or periodic acid.
- The sensitization is a pre-impregnation by the formation of organometallic complexes between the reticulin fibers and metal salts, the metal part possibly being exchanged with silver. The preferred sensitizers are ferric salts.
- For the impregnation stage, an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution is most often used. The silver will deposit on the reticulin fibers in the form of a brown oxide which will become metallic silver during the reduction.
- Ionic silver is reduced to metallic silver in the presence of a developing agent, formalin. We obtain a black deposit visible to the naked eye.
- Turning is a treatment of gold chloride cuts in which gold is substituted for silver for better resolution: a lighter background and a thinner, more stable metal deposit.
- A further reduction is required, sodium thiosulfate fixation, which removes non-specific silver or ionic gold residues.
- Counterstaining: it is chosen according to the solubility of the metal that impregnates the fibers. Most often, neutral red is used.
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